For the passionate athlete, it may be time to take some lessons to improve technique. White adipose tissue is most abundant. Lymph contains a liquid matrix and white blood cells. Bones rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate. Fibersfunction in support; secreted by fibroblasts. This tissue is no longer present after birth, leaving only scattered mesenchymal cells throughout the body. type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue synovial membrane connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between cells tissue group of cells that are similar in form and perform related . Erythrocytes, red blood cells, transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. A few distinct cell types and densely packed fibers in a matrix characterize these tissues. There are two basic types of adipocytes: white and brown. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue: regular and irregular. Most often, the condition results from repetitive motions over time that strain the tendons needed to perform the tasks. This ground substance is usually a fluid, but it can also be mineralized and solid, as in bones. There are two basic types of adipocytes: white and brown. Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix, which allows it to resist compression and absorb shock. She issues a stern warning about the risk of aggravating the condition and the possibility of surgery. function of simple columnar epithelium with microvilli, in ___________ , the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments (e.g., sebaceous glands), __________ secrete their products by exocytosis (e.g., sweat, pancreas, salivary), connective tissue that conveys tissue fluids and strengthens organs is_______, connective tissue that stores fat and protects organs is ______, connective tissue that attaches muscle and bones is__________. The mesenchymal cell is a multipotent adult stem cell. Elastic fiber contains the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. Function: Wraps and cushions organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria, holds and conveys tissue fluid. Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of tendinitis. The knee and jaw joints and the intervertebral discs are examples of fibrocartilage. -function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays an important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid Reticular Connective Tissue resembles areolar tissue but the matrix is made up of only reticular fibers, found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes The superficial fascia is found just deep to the cutaneous membrane (or skin) and is typically composed of a combination of areolar and adipose connective tissues. Bones are made of a rigid, mineralized matrix containing calcium salts, crystals, and osteocytes lodged in lacunae. Reticular cells produce the reticular fibers that form the network onto which other cells attach. Lymph drains into blood vessels, delivering molecules to the blood that could not otherwise directly enter the bloodstream. After examining your swollen wrist, the doctor in the emergency room announces that you have developed wrist tendinitis. Cancellous bone is spongy and less solid than compact bone. Tug gently at your ear lobes, and notice that the lobes return to their initial shape. Bones are made of a rigid, mineralized matrix containing calcium salts, crystals, and osteocytes lodged in lacunae. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid . Young, James A. Young athletes, dancers, and computer operators; anyone who performs the same movements constantly is at risk for tendinitis. A plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone allows continued growth until adulthood. Fibrocartilage is tough because of extra collagen fibers and forms, among other things, the intervertebral discs. The soot particle has a charge of 4.51011C4.5 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{C}4.51011C. Fluid tissue, for example blood and lymph, is characterized by a liquid matrix and no supporting fibers. The brown adipocytes store lipids as many droplets, and have high metabolic activity. LM 1600. 1. the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid (surfactant) 2. a measure of the inward pull by interior particles. They originate in the mesodermal germ layer and differentiate from mesenchyme and hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. It forms the lamina propria of mucus membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. Reticular tissue is a mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver ([link]). Some applications require a ligament to balance tensile strength and elasticity, and thus contain elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers that allow the ligament to return to its original length after stretching. The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally towards the heart. When stimulated, macrophages release cytokines, small proteins that act as chemical messengers. Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Menisci in the knee joint and the intervertebral discs are examples of fibrocartilage. Compact bone is solid and has greater structural strength. View the University of Michigan Webscope to explore the tissue sample in greater detail. Many different cells contribute to the formation of connective tissues. The formed elements circulating in blood are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). When irritated or damaged, mast cells release histamine, an inflammatory mediator, which causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at a site of injury or infection, along with itching, swelling, and redness you recognize as an allergic response. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers as well as collagen and proteoglycans. These cells can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair and healing of damaged tissue. The chemical nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously among tissues, reflecting the variety of functions that connective tissue fulfills in the body. Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. Dense irregular elastic tissues give arterial walls the strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching ([link]). Under membranes there can be several different layers of connective tissues, known as fascia, that function to connect internal structures to the rest of the body. Cancellous bone looks like a sponge under the microscope and contains empty spaces between trabeculae, or arches of bone proper. Wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue fluid during inflammation (packages organs, surrounds capillaries) loose adipose connective tissue. In case of severe pain, X-rays can be examined to rule out the possibility of a bone injury. In all cases, overuse of the joint causes a microtrauma that initiates the inflammatory response. What is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix? The three main types of cartilage tissue are hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). areolar. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Identify and distinguish between the types of connective tissue: proper, supportive, and fluid, Explain the functions of connective tissues, cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers, cells, ground substance, and protein fibers, collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers. Cartilage and bone are supportive tissue. As you might expect, a fibrocyte, a less active form of fibroblast, is the second most common cell type in connective tissue proper. Nutrients, salts, and wastes are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body. When irritated or damaged, mast cells release histamine, an inflammatory mediator, which causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at a site of injury or infection, along with itching, swelling, and redness you recognize as an allergic response. Your opponent stands ready as you prepare to hit the serve, but you are confident that you will smash the ball past your opponent. Dense irregular connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, the fibers are loosely organized, leaving large spaces in between. It makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation. Fluid Connective Tissue. Connective tissue that attaches muscles and bones. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Dense regular connective tissue fibers are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. The many mitochondria in the cytoplasm of brown adipose tissue help explain its efficiency at metabolizing stored fat. If the cobalt was initially at rest, use the conservation of momentum equation to determine its speed following the gamma ray emission. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. with stands great tensile strength in one direction ( tendons, ligaments) dense . Connective Tissue Supports and Protects by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Dense connective tissue proper is richer in fibers and may be regular, with fibers oriented in parallel as in ligaments and tendons, or irregular, with fibers oriented in several directions. Specialized cells in connective tissue defend the body from microorganisms that enter the body. Reticular fiber is also formed from the same protein subunits as collagen fibers; however, these fibers remain narrow and are arrayed in a branching network. What is tendinitis and how did it happen? Areolar connective tissue. Holds and conveys tissue fluid Locations: 1. Connective tissue that stores fat and protects organs. The amount and structure of each component correlates with the function of the tissue, from the rigid ground substance in bones supporting the body to the inclusion of specialized cells; for example, phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and also rid tissue of cellular debris are common in many connective tissues. Cytokines recruit other cells of the immune system to infected sites and stimulate their activities. Fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells are fixed cells, which means they remain within the connective tissue. - Reticular fibersbundles of special type of collagen. Organ capsules (collagenous type) and walls of arteries (elastic type) contain dense irregular connective tissue. The matrix is the most abundant feature for loose tissue although adipose tissue does not have much extracellular matrix. Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues together. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body. From top, LM 1000, LM 200. Cartilage contains chondrocytes and is somewhat flexible. Two major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs. In some tissues, fibers crisscross and form a mesh. The matrix usually includes a large amount of extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells that are embedded within it. The main property of elastin is that after being stretched or compressed, it will return to its original shape. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue, but in ligaments not all fibers are parallel. Creative Commons Attribution License Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers and contains large amounts of proteoglycans. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Although repetitive motions are unavoidable in many activities and may lead to tendinitis, precautions can be taken that can lessen the probability of developing tendinitis. Surrounds capillaries. Brown adipose tissue is more common in infants, hence the term baby fat. In adults, there is a reduced amount of brown fat and it is found mainly in the neck and clavicular regions of the body. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. Under epithelial tissues 2. All of the preventive measures aim to increase the strength of the tendon and decrease the stress put on it. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? 1999-2023, Rice University. Bone is the hardest connective tissue. The extracellular matrix contains fluid, proteins, polysaccharide derivatives, and, in the case of bone, mineral crystals. Connective tissue that conveys tissue fluid and strengthens organs. reticular. She issues a stern warning about the risk of aggravating the condition and the possibility of surgery. Fibroblasts are present in all connective tissue proper ([link]). Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues together. Start studying BIOLOGY CH2: TISSUE & ORGAN SYSTEM. Consistency is a measure of how a liquid material reacts to gravity. . Dense regular connective tissue fibers are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. Lymphatic capillaries are extremely permeable, allowing larger molecules and excess fluid from interstitial spaces to enter the lymphatic vessels. The three broad categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). holds and conveys tissue fluid Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body. Answer: Click at the bottom of the quiz for the answers. She interrupts your protests that you cannot stop playing. Cartilaginous tissue is avascular, thus all nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes. It allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues. Click at the bottom of the quiz for the answers. Fibroblasts are present in all connective tissue proper (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Some white blood cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Connective tissue in the tendon does not have abundant blood supply and heals slowly. In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue class with assorted cell shapes and tissue architecture. Compact bone is solid and has greater structural strength. Leukocytes, white blood cells, are responsible for defending against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. The matrix plays a major role in the functioning of this tissue. Connect tissues provide support and assist movement, store and transport energy molecules, protect against infections, and contribute to temperature homeostasis. The matrix contains very few blood vessels. Can you name the 10 tissue types shown in the histology slides? Both tissues have a variety of cell types and protein fibers suspended in a viscous ground substance. . Explain surface tension. . The matrix plays a major role in the functioning of this tissue. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), This is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. energy- rich fat cells - richly vascularized (provide blood vessels, high metabolic activity) What is the function of adipose tissue? The macrophage cells are an essential component of the immune system, which is the bodys defense against potential pathogens and degraded host cells. A soot particle enters an electrostatic precipitator and experiences 2.3105N2.3 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~N}2.3105N of force pulling it toward an accumulator plate. She interrupts your protests that you cannot stop playing. What attribute of collagen is the source of its great tensile strength? -Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? It makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation. Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. 1.361026. The game is over for now. 4. the surface tension of water is high because molecule form multiple Hydrogen bonds. wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid connective tissue proper; loose connective tissue, adipose provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs connective tissue proper; loose connective tissue, reticular While no treatment is currently available, it is often recommended that liquids be thickened to improve the safety of swallowing and prevent liquids from being . epithelial tissues or glands are classified based on: shape of cells, number of cell layers, and where secretions are released. Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. Composed mainly of dense connective tissues, it serves as a tough, internal framework that surrounds muscles, bones, and nerves. Dense regular elastic tissue contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers. Brown adipose tissue is more common in infants, hence the term baby fat. In adults, there is a reduced amount of brown fat and it is found mainly in the neck and clavicular regions of the body. In all cases, overuse of the joint causes a microtrauma that initiates the inflammatory response. Three main types of fibers are secreted by fibroblasts: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Q. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Connective Tissue Examples. most widely distributed connective tissue; soft and pliable, can soak up excess fluid; Function: binds skin to underlying tissue, holds structures together. For active individuals, stretches before exercising and cross training or changing exercises are recommended. Function: tensile strength with the ability to . Macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and phagocytic cells are found in connective tissue proper but are actually part of the immune system protecting the body. We recommend using a Examples of typical dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues consisting primarily of collagen fibers are shown in (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Surgical repair of a tendon is painful. Osteocytes, bone cells like chondrocytes, are located within lacunae. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. Surgical repair of a tendon is painful. Connective tissue proper > loose - gel-like matrix w/ all 3 fiber types - cells and fibroblasts, machrophages, mast cells, WBC - wraps/cushions organs - macrophages eat bacteria - role w/ inflammation - holds/conveys tissue fluid - found under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucus membrane and packages organs and surrounds capillaries Their effectiveness at storing large amounts of fat is witnessed in obese individuals. A. A large number of capillaries allow rapid storage and mobilization of lipid molecules. This type of tissue gives the walls of large arteries and respiratory passages strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Discuss how blood fulfills this role. In contrast, fixed macrophages are permanent residents of their tissues. It derives its name from the Latin reticulus, which means little net.. As you might expect, a fibrocyte, a less active form of fibroblast, is the second most common cell type in connective tissue proper. The major component of the matrix is a ground substance often crisscrossed by protein fibers. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Supportive connective tissuebone and cartilageprovide structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues. For the passionate athlete, it may be time to take some lessons to improve technique. The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming the clear, viscous, colorless matrix you now know as ground substance. She consoles you by mentioning that well known tennis players such as Venus and Serena Williams and Rafael Nadal have also suffered from tendinitis related injuries. Cartilaginous tissue is avascular, thus all nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes. Legal. As you toss the ball high in the air, a burning pain shoots across your wrist and you drop the tennis racket. White adipose tissue can be found protecting the kidneys and cushioning the back of the eye. Elastic fibers are prominent in elastic tissues found in skin and the elastic ligaments of the vertebral column. It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Organ capsules (collagenous type) and walls of arteries (elastic type) contain dense irregular connective tissue. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Packages organs 3. Transcribed Image Text: adipose collagen, reticular, elastic that convey (s) tissue fluid and strengthen (s) organs is/are that store (s) fat and protect (s) organs is/are that attach (es) muscles and bones is/are dense connective tissue collagen and a few elastic Pearson connective tissue areolar matrix includes ground substance and the As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. Dense connective tissue proper is richer in fibers and may be regular, with fibers oriented in parallel as in ligaments and tendons, or irregular, with fibers oriented in several directions. If d1=3i^2j^+4k^\vec{d}_1=3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+4 \hat{\mathrm{k}}d1=3i^2j^+4k^ and d2=5i^+2j^k^\vec{d}_2=-5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\hat{\mathrm{k}}d2=5i^+2j^k^, then what is (d1+d2)(d14d2)\left(\vec{d}_1+\vec{d}_2\right) \cdot\left(\vec{d}_1 \times 4 \vec{d}_2\right)(d1+d2)(d14d2) ? The chemical nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously among tissues, reflecting the variety of functions that connective tissue fulfills in the body. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site. They are found throughout the body, but are most abundant in the reticular tissue of soft organs, such as liver and spleen, where they anchor and provide structural support to the parenchyma (the functional cells, blood vessels, and nerves of the organ). A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. Many different cells contribute to the formation of connective tissues. electrons pass through any cross section across the wire's width at a steady rate. Bone tissue is highly vascularized. Cartilage and bone are supportive tissue. While older adults are at risk for tendinitis because the elasticity of tendon tissue decreases with age, active people of all ages can develop tendinitis. Loose connective tissue proper includes adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Loose connective tissue proper includes adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue. Hyaline cartilage is smooth and clear, covers joints, and is found in the growing portion of bones. Adipose tissue consists mostly of fat storage cells, with little extracellular matrix (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). The matrix contains very few blood vessels. . Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. White fat contributes mostly to lipid storage and can serve as insulation from cold temperatures and mechanical injuries. Q. In fluid connective tissue, in other words, lymph and blood, various specialized cells circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins. Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries Blood Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances Location: within blood vessels Bone Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue with many cell shapes and tissue architecture. It contains all the cell types and fibers previously described and is distributed in a random, web-like fashion. Protection is another major function of connective tissue, in the form of fibrous capsules and bones that protect delicate organs and, of course, the skeletal system. Function: support, flexible framework for certain organs. Severe cases of tendinitis can even tear loose a tendon. All connective tissues derive from the mesodermal layer of the embryo. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of tendinitis. Their effectiveness at storing large amounts of fat is witnessed in obese individuals. Collagen fibers, while flexible, have great tensile strength, resist stretching, and give ligaments and tendons their characteristic resilience and strength. Brown adipose tissue is thermogenic, meaning that as it breaks down fats, it releases metabolic heat, rather than producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key molecule used in metabolism. What is the description of connective tissue fibers? Bones rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body. All of the preventive measures aim to increase the strength of the tendon and decrease the stress put on it. The external ear contains elastic cartilage. Polysaccharides and proteins secreted by fibroblasts combine with extra-cellular fluids to produce a viscous ground substance that, with embedded fibrous proteins, forms the extra-cellular matrix. 3. the stronger the attraction between particles, the greater the surface tension. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules.