and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. Try not to plant it close to your house if there's a good source of water inside since there are some owners who report roots are able to break through stone. Technol.37, 916 (2017). The 20 litre large container with a blue base, and the 38 L extra large container . The first is China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube, mentioned above. Excavation and SSR identification of polyploidy germplasm resources in jujube trees. Res.17, 307313 (1999). Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). by high-performance liquid chromatography. Field Crop Res 100:249256, Ding SS, Su PX (2010) Effects of tree shading on maize crop within a poplar-maize compound system in Hexi Corridor oasis, northwestern China. Based on the main contents of jujube research, the landmark achievements and the supporting role for jujube industry development, this period can be further subdivided into three stages3the period of recovery after World War II (19491978), the period of accelerating development (19791999), and the period of comprehensive development (20002019). Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. & Jiang, Y. Chinese Dates: A Traditional Functional Food (CRC press, 2016). Can J Bot 84:16861694, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR (2007) Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alley cropping system in the southern United States. & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. Liu, M. & Wang, J. Commun.5, 5315 (2014). B Hortic.LXIII, 1724 (2019). In: Ong CK, Huxley P (eds) Treecrop interactions: a physiological approach. 41, 8285 (2005). To make glazed jujubes, halve and seed the ripe (but not dry) fruit and place in equal parts water and brown sugar (just enough to cover the fruit). In: Ashton MS, Montagnini F (eds) The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. Converting dehydroascorbic acid to AsA (vitamin C) resolved the bottleneck problem in the determination of dehydroascorbic acid, and accurate determination methods for the two kinds of vitamin C in jujube were finalized141,143. Genome-wide identification, characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Chinese jujube and their involvement in flower development. Jinsixiaozao hort. Asian J. Chem.24, 813815 (2012). Genome sequencing is the golden key to unlocking the genetic code of life. Google Scholar. Sin.26, 302308 (1999). However, the earliest records and evidence from Iran and Japan could only be traced back to 2000 YA, when SinoJapan exchanges became popular and Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to west Asia and European countries during the Han Dynasty. Plant Soil 227:149161, Article Wang, Y. Agrofor Syst 69:107116. var. J. Agrofor Syst 74:163172, Lin QY, Xing LF, Li PY, Ding XT, Duan ZA (2000) Recounting and reviewing on the scientific research literature for intercropping system of jujube and crops in China. as rootstock can also play a role in the prevention of witches broom in jujube in southern China97. Stnic, F. Twenty years of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. Plant Genet. After the beginning of the 21st century, outbreaks of pests and diseases, including Lygocoris lucorum, Euzophera batangensis, Ceratitis capitata, jujube flies, fruit cracking, and fruit shrinking, have become increasingly severe102,110,111,112,113,114. Li, H. et al. Univ. & Tian, C. Study on the effect of the different heating processes on the quality of the Chinese date. Li, D., Niu, X. Fruit. Yangling: Northwest A&F University (2014). Eur. In addition, 11 jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, a book written 2600 years ago. Stnic, F. Rezultate preliminare privind micronmulirea in vitro a curmalului chinezesc (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Exploration and practice of a next generation cultivation system for Chinese jujube characterized by labor- saving, safety, high-quality and high-profit. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Hortic.244, 372378 (2019). Qi, J. et al. What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? J. Hort. & Liu, M. Discovery and evaluation of natural mixoploid (2x + 4x) variants in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Self-alignment of the jujube genome sequences based on the 23,996 gene models identified 943 paralogous gene groups, indicating that the jujube genome may have undergone frequent intrachromosomal fusions and segment duplication during its evolutionary history. Starting with a superhigh density (0.5m1.0m), the density is gradually decreased to 1.01.5m4.0m. This new model obtains good yields (58t/ha) in the year of grafting (Fig. Zhang, C., Huang, J., Yin, X., Lian, C. & Li, X. The end result is an incredibly fibrous and dense root system able to take up far more nutrients per volume than a similar tree in the ground would. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). During this period, jujube began to be introduced to neighboring countries in Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, and began to spread to Central Asia and Europe through the ancient Silk Road. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. It can grow and bear well where normal grain, cotton, oil crops, vegetables, and fruit trees cannot survive. Mengjun Liu. In addition, due to the economic decline of the comparative benefits of jujube, jujube witches broom is becoming serious again in orchards due to poor management. Lucrri tiinifice Ser. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Genome-wide analysis of the bHLH gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) CAB International, Wallingford, pp 73158, Raddad EY, Luukkanen O (2007) The influence of different Acacia senegal agroforestry systems on soil water and crop yields in clay soils of the Blue Nile region, Sudan. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Genetic diversity and population structure of sour jujube, Ziziphus acidojujuba. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. Flora of China (Science Press, 2007). Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles proposed that they could be treated as two different species, Z. jujuba Mill. Agrofor Syst 48:6177, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Pallardy SG (2004) Interspecific interactions in temperate agroforestry. Planting Tips. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. & Xu, J. Fruit. Technol.226, 985989 (2008). Shi, Q., Liu, P., Liu, M., Wang, J. J. Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 2379), better known as Pliny the Elder, mentioned in his Historia Naturalis that a counselor of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus introduced the Chinese date (jujube) for the first time from Syria to Italy; from there it was distributed to other Mediterranean countries and around the Black Sea basin13,14. Hortic.249, 263270 (2019). In this period, the modern jujube industry system was initially established by the application of modern scientific technology. Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry, we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future. Jujube breeding has a long history. Zhao, J. et al. Fruit. ), also called Chinese date or Chinese jujube, is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world and is the most important species in the large cosmopolitan family Rhamnaceae in terms of its economic, ecological, and social importance. Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Zhang, S. & Li, X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role for abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. Juice obtained from the fruits is used in making small candies called jujubes. Food Compos. Acta Hortic. Jinsixiaozao. Cite this article. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. Additionally, according to the unearthed carbonized fruits, jujube was cultivated and utilized in China 7000 years ago. Sci. Fruits67, 293296 (2012). Xue, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, P. & Wang, L. Effect of hypobaric storage on physiological and biochemical changes of Dong jujube fruit during cold storage. and Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu as the proper scientific names for the jujube genus, the jujube and the sour jujube, respectively10,65,66,67,68,69. Resour.10, 121125 (2009). The observation of flowering characteristics of Chinese jujube. Qi, Y. We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. Research status of jujube processing technology at home and abroad. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. The male sterility and kernelless traits are controlled by homozygous recessive genes, and some QTL loci of quantitative traits have also been identified92,93,94,95. Xu, C. et al. Most species belong to Sect. Hybrid plant production was increased by 100 times using the new system, and a large number of hybrid progeny were obtained from 19 cross combinations, of which a number of superior lines were selected70. The pure polyploid shoot could form flowers and even set fruits for further evaluation in the same year as the polyploid induction. (2) The modern and highly efficient breeding system is still not fully established, and it is difficult to meet the demands of accelerated cultivar development. Jinsi 4 on its fruit cracking and nutritional quality in the South. The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. As to the original cultivation center of jujube, outside of China, Iran, and Japan had been regarded as candidates by some scholars outside China. Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Ma, J., Zhao, L. & Cao, L. Studies on postharvest physiology and storage technology of Dongzao. jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Qu, Z. Among them, the tetraploids Chenguang, Hongguang, Riguang, and Zhuguang, bred by Hebei Agricultural University, have been awarded new plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China. Stnic, F. Preliminary results regarding the behaviour of some Chinese date varieties (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Sci. Discovery and identification of natural triploid ploidy of Chinese jujube cultivar Pingguozao. Since the 1950s, the biological characteristics of jujube have been studied comprehensively, and a complete theoretical system had been formed by the 1990s1,101. The jujube tree is the main cash crop and wheat is a primary food crop and both are harvested once a year in south Xinjiang. Fresh jujube fruit can be kept fresh for 24 months under controlled atmosphere storage or controlled freezing-point storage. Wang, Z. et al. Three emasculation-free methods have been developed based on the discovery of two typical male-sterile germplasms and a group of self-fruitless/self-sterile germplasms that can replace male sterility42,43, which effectively overcame the key obstacle to artificial emasculation in jujube. China is the country with the longest history of jujube cultivation. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. With the breakthroughs in cross-breeding technology, the acquisition of a progeny population and the establishment of genetic maps, genetic research into important traits was also carried out. Genetic engineering has also made some advances, but these applications are not yet fully developed. Consequently, it is difficult to fulfill the new demands of government and enterprises for scientific decision-making. J. Zhang, C., Liu, M., Kong, D., Wu, G. & Li, D. Diversification of resistance to fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube germplasm. Plant Genet. Wang, J., Liu, L., Liu, M. & Zhou, J. Acquirement of new male sterile germplasm of Chinese jujube. & Li, X. Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF superfamily genes and their expression during fruit ripening of Chinese jujube. Forests10, 460 (2019). For Ecol Manag 16:269279, Mead R, Willey RW (1980) The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields from intercropping. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2017). A number of excellent accessions have been identified, including triploid genotypes such as Zanhuangdazao38, Pingguozao39, Jinglinyihaozao, Shanxitedage, Hengshuibianzhizao, Zhenhuluzao40; the mixoploid genotype Dongzao 241; the male-sterile germplasms JMS1 and JMS242; the self-fruitless and self-sterile germplasms Huizao, Jinsixiaozao 39, Yuanlingzao, and Xiangzao43; the tortuous-branch Dongzao44; the seedless germplasm Wuhexiaozao; genotypes that are highly resistant to witches broom disease such as Xingguang45,46; and genotypes that are rich in functional nutrients47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. B, Hortic.XLIII, 203206 (2000). Once the sucker has established a root system . and wild jujube. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. In the years to come, jujube research can focus on the following eight aspects: (1) Multiomics analysis of the formation mechanisms of the important unique traits of jujube to provide a solid foundation for molecular breeding, high-efficiency cultivation, and high-nutrition processing. In 2014, de novo genome sequencing of jujube was accomplished (the first in the Rhamnaceae family)12. Rev.32, 229298 (2006). Wang, N. Study on Somatic Embryogenesis and Ploidy Germplasm Creation in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill (Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 2007). The treatments comprised (1) sole cotton, (2) 5-year-old sole jujube trees, (3) 7-year-old sole jujube trees, (4) 9-year-old sole jujube . Changing host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms play important roles in phytoplasma infection. Because jujubes demand high light intensities for good output, they should be spaced 10 to 15 feet apart. volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. The genus Ziziphus was grouped into two sections based on geographical distribution, bearing shoot persistence, and leaf hairiness. Chin. The basic ideas for jujube research in the future are as follows: serve the producers, consumers, marketers, government, and society at the same time; learn from experiences with other fruit trees; align with modern global agricultural development, including the reduction of chemical pesticides and environmentally friendly approaches153; carry out innovative research in various fields, multiple levels, and through whole industrial chains; and strongly support the advancement of science and technology for the jujube industry in the new era. Rep.6, 31503 (2016). Twenty-one jujube cultivars were recorded in the book Guangzhi written by Guo Yigong in the Jin Dynasty, 1700 YA. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. Wang et al. Li, C. Dormant Characteristic and Temperature Management Investigation Analysis of Zizyphus Jujuba Mill. et al. Dicianu, E. D., Ivan, E. ., Jerca, I. O., Ciceoi, R. & Stnic, F. Morphometric and phytopathological analysis of Romanian jujube fruits during the storage period. Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2006). indicated that jujube was sensitive to CO2 and that fruit browning occurred quickly under the conditions of 10% CO2120. However, until the end of the 20th century, the breeding techniques for Chinese jujube had been mainly focused on selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasm, even though some new techniques had been incorporated into selection breeding, such as marker-assisted identification and standardized techniques. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Ji, Q. Establishment of embryo culture technical system of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). Research results should be more original and advanced. The nutrient components in different organs, different fruit developmental stages, and different varieties were systematically analyzed53,54,144,145,146,147. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). Jujube never needs flower-promoting treatments. Sci. Comprehensive studies have shown that the most advantageous nutritional features of jujube fruit include its contents of soluble sugars (23 times the levels in other fruits), vitamin C (100 times the level in other fruits), cAMP (1000 times the level in other fruits), vitamin B, triterpenoid acid, proline, polysaccharide, flavonoids, iron, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The fruit can be stored and transported easily. A new excellent early-ripening tetraploid table cultivar of Chinese jujubeHongguang. var. Phytopathology108, 10671077 (2018). Based on a systematic study of the historical taxonomic literature, Liu et al. Mol. They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. Given the limitations of traditional selection breeding for obtaining breakthrough cultivars and the extreme difficulty of cross-breeding in jujube, polyploid breeding seems to be a promising prospect. In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Objectives such as tolerance to transportation and long storage life, varied ripening times, and multiple-use cultivars are marketers preferences. Peng, Y. Agr. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. In the last 30 years, various new products, such as jujube juice, jujube powder, jujube slices, jujube tea, jujube beer, jujube essence, and jujube pigment, have been developed149. cv. and its wild ancestor sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). Ser. Further studies indicated that GLDH and MDHAR are the crucial genes in jujube AsA synthesis and recycling, respectively27. Its fruit has the five basic elements of a superfruit, i.e., delicious taste, attractive appearance, nutrient density, safe consumption, and strong cultural meaning. BMC Plant Biol.19, 189 (2019). Liu, Y., Feng, C., Yu, H., Wang, J. Silvae Sin.45, 4449 (2009). The rooting rate can reach as high as 95%96, but its cost and technical requirements are relatively higher than those of other propagation techniques. Study on systematic relationships of Ziziphus jujuba and Ziziphus spinosa using RAPD technique. Acquirement of endosperm triploid and its biology and cytology 1978-1984. Acta Hortic. The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. Yan, F. F. et al. Pest Dis.31, 1214 (2012). Evaluation on nutritious characteristics and germplasm screening of different Chinese jujube cultivars. Construction of a high-density genetic map of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. & Ma, Z. Shandong Agricultural University, Taian (2008). Agrofor Syst 61:221236, Gillespie AR, Jose S, Mengel DB, Hoover WL, Pope PE, Seifert JR, Biehle DJ, Stall T, Benjamin TJ (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. quinequeflora Hort. Agric. Acta Hortic. However, green shoot cuttings (semilignified primary extension shoots, secondary shoots, and bearing shoots) root much more easily and have a high reproductive coefficient. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. Test Guideline for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Univ.4, 7275 (1984). It can be seen that jujube fruit can meet the marketers demand for profits and risk avoidance. Using an interspecific population between Z. jujuba and Z. acidojujuba, a high-density molecular (SNP) genetic map was constructed by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9609-x. Genome-wide screening of SSR markers and reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis. Jujube trees are highly adaptable, with outstanding tolerance to drought; low-fertility, saline, and alkali soils; high temperatures and late frosts. Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Sin.46, 49684976 (2013). Research objectives should be more advanced and diversified. Agrofor Syst 13:143158, Reyes T, Quiroz R, Luukkanen O (2009) Spice crop agroforestry systems in the east Usambara Mountain, Tanzania: growth analysis. Consumers like fruits that are delicious and nutritious and that appeal to appearance and status. A new excellent tetraploid table cultivar of sour jujubeZhuguang. & Liu, M. Screening and evaluation of germplasms with high resistance to fruit cracking in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. A series of gene families and metabolisms responsive to phytoplasma infection were studied, showing that photosynthetic, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism play crucial roles during phytoplasma infection33 and that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is responsive to phytoplasma stress23,24,32. Wang, Z., Han, H., Liu, M., Zhang, X. Some gene families involved in phytoplasma and cold stress and flower and fruit development were identified and analyzed at the genome level22,23,24,32,33,34. In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . The oldest collection of poems in China, called The Book of Songs, contains the sentence Jujube fruit picked in August and rice harvested in October, indicating that jujube was domestically cultivated as early ago as 3000 years ago. Thus, the level of jujube production in China has long been at the forefront of fruit tree production in history, and jujube production has made an important contribution to the development of fruit tree science and technology (Fig. Corrections? Liu, M. Technical Manual for Quality Production in Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2004). Guo, Y. conceived of the paper and wrote the first draft. Therefore, jujube has broad prospects as a material for the development of healthy foods with high nutrition value. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. Liu, M. & Wang, Y. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Chen et al. Sci. Jour. 201003043-01)and by NSFC (Project No. Tree Genet. In the book Qi Min Yao Shu, published 1500 YA, it is clearly recorded that ancient Chinese people used to select the trees with the best tasting fruits of wild sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. A superfruit species for the future should simultaneously meet the diverse needs of growers, consumers, marketers, governments, and society. Sin.33, 374377 (2006). The novel field technique for homogeneous polyploidy induction has been successfully applied in sour jujube78 and in elm (data not shown). The l-galactose pathway is the major route for jujube AsA biosynthesis, and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway show high-level expression during fruit development12. Acta Hortic. var. Stnic, F. Chinese date (jujube)a new promising fruit plant for Romania. Approximately 1500 YA (the Northern Wei Dynasty), Jia Simiao wrote a famous agricultural book called Qi Min Yao Shu that not only recorded 45 jujube cultivars but also described cultivar selection breeding, orchard site selection, planting times and methods, flower thinning, girdling, harvesting, and jujube paste processing. Li, X., Peng, D., Zhang, C. & Dong, X. Nutrient quality analysis of Yellow River jujube. It was reported that jujube originated from the Yellow River valley between Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, China, after studying ancient documents, fossils and modern distributions as well as the transitional genotypes of jujube and sour jujube1,5. China Fruits6, 5153 (2017). The latter was further divided into Ser. Zhao, Z. et al. Thank you for visiting nature.com. In the two cases mentioned above, all the offspring from self-fruitless or self-sterile parents can be directly regarded as authentic hybrids. Huang, J. et al. Liu, D., Ye, X. Wang, J., Liu, M. & Dai, L. Advances in tissue culture of Chinese jujube. Its utilization and cultivation history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago1,2,3,4,5.